[0001 [0092 [0000 Ec[000000]LBAdoniram Judson BJudson (1788-1850) was an American Baptist clergyman who was the principal founder of the Baptist foreign missionary society. He helped carry Christianity to parts of Asia in the nineteenth century. In 1810, he helped establish the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Ec[000000]f[16]LFMissions, and, in 1834, he translated the Bible into Burmese. Ec[000000]f[16]LBAfricaB The second-largest continent in the world, comprising more than 20 percent of the world’s land, Africa is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south, the Indian Ocean to the east and south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. It is connected to Asia by the Sinai Peninsula. Ec[000000]f[16]LFThe Nile, Congo, and Zambezi Rivers, the Sahara Desert, Lake Victoria, and Mount Kilimanjaro are all found in Africa. Africa contains less than 10 percent of the world’s population. Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlbert Schweitzer BSchweitzer (1875-1965) was a French theologian and missionary physician who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1952 for his work in French Equatorial Africa. He was the author of a number of works on religious and philosophical topics, as well as music. Ec[000000]f[16]LBangel BA spiritual being superior to man in power and intelligence. Ec[000000]f[16]LBapostle BOne sent on a mission. In this case, an apostle was one of the original twelve disciples of Jesus who preached the message of Christianity. Ec[000000]f[16]LBAsiaB The largest continent, comprising nearly 30 percent of the world's land, Asia also is the most populous, containing nearly 60 percent of the world's people. Asia is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. Asia and Ec[000000]f[16]LFEurope are part of the same land mass, but Asia's western limit is considered to be the Ural Mountains, although the countries of the Middle East jut further to the west. Asia is home to the world's highest mountain range: the Himalayas. Ec[000000]f[16]LBbaptized BHaving been admitted to the Christian community by ritual immersion in water. Ec[000000]f[16]LBbear BRefers to giving birth to a child. Ec[000000]f[16]LBbetray BTo deliver to an enemy by treachery. Judas Iscariot betrayed Jesus by pointing him out to the Roman soldiers who came to arrest him. Ec[000000]f[16]LBbishop BA person having spiritual or ecclesiastical supervision over an area. A bishop ranks over a priest and has the authority to ordain and confirm. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcanonized BHaving declared a deceased person a saint. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcelebrations BThe public performances of religious ceremonies to honor a holy day. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcleric BA member of the clergy. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcondemned BHaving been declared wrong or evil, usually after evidence has been weighed, and pronounced guilty. Ec[000000]f[16]LBconvents BCommunities of a religious order, especially of nuns or women devoted to a life of charity, poverty, and prayer. Ec[000000]f[16]LBconverted BHaving changed from one belief or view to another. Many Jews converted to Christianity after they heard the teachings of Jesus or his disciples. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcrucifixion BThe act of crucifying, which is to nail or bind the hands and feet to a cross until one perishes from loss of blood or starvation. This form of punishment was commonly used during Jesus' lifetime. Ec[000000]f[16]LBdauphin BThe eldest son of a French king. Ec[000000]f[16]LBdeacons BOfficers of a Christian church--appointed in Roman Catholic churches and often elected in Protestant churches. The responsibilities of a deacon include serving in worship, providing guidance to congregation members, and serving on administrative committees. Ec[000000]f[16]LBdenominations BReligious organizations that unite local congregations into a single body. Ec[000000]f[16]LBecclesiastical BOf or relating to a church, especially as a formal, established institution. Ec[000000]f[16]LBEnglandB The southern and major part of the island of Great Britain, excluding Wales. England is the largest unit of the present-day country of the United Kingdom. England is bounded by Wales and the Irish Sea on the west, and Scotland on the north. The English Channel, the Strait of Ec[000000]f[16]LFDover, and the North Sea separate it from continental Europe. London is the capital and largest city. In the American Revolution (1775-1783), the thirteen original American colonies won independence from English colonial rule. Ec[000000]f[16]LBEuropeB Europe is part of the Eurasian land mass and is sometimes called the peninsular continent. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north; the Atlantic Ocean to the west; the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains to the south; and the Ural Ec[000000]f[16]LFMountains and the Caspian Sea to the east. Europe is the second-smallest continent, having only 7 percent of the world's land. It contains about 15 percent of the world’s population. Ec[000000]f[16]LBexpeditions BJourneys undertaken for specific purposes. Ec[000000]f[16]LBFather Damien BBelgian priest whose real name was Joseph de Veuster. Father Damien went to the Sandwich Islands (now known as the Hawaiian Islands) in 1863 to care for victims of leprosy, a chronic disease that is characterized by paralysis, muscle waste, and deformities and mutilations. Ec[000000]f[16]LFWorking entirely alone for ten of the sixteen years that he spent there, Father Damien greatly improved living conditions and founded two orphanages. Ec[000000]f[16]LBhumanity BRefers to humankind. Often someone is considered humane because of his or her perceived compassion or consideration for others. Ec[000000]f[16]LBimmortal BExempt from death; able to live forever. Also, a person whose fame is lasting. Ec[000000]f[16]LBindependence BThe state of being free from control of others. Ec[000000]f[16]LBJewish BOf or relating to the Jews, or Israelites, those people descended from members of the ancient tribe of Judah. Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohannes Gutenberg BGutenberg (c.1400-1468) invented the movable metallic type that made it possible to print Bibles in mass quantities during the Middle Ages. He had to abandon his claim to his invention in order to repay a loan. Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn Calvin BCalvin (1509-1564) was a French Protestant reformer who rejected some of the teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He encouraged Protestant churches by supplying pastors and organizational support, especially to those in France. In 1536, he published his famous IInstitutes of the Christian ReligionI. Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn the Baptist BJohn the Baptist was the first to baptize followers as a token of their repentance. When Jesus was about thirty years old, John baptized him in the waters of the Jordan River. Prior to Jesus' arrival, John had been preaching the coming of the Messiah, and he recognized Jesus as the Ec[000000]f[16]LFone about whom he had been speaking. He was executed by Herod Antipas. Ec[000000]f[16]LBJoseph Smith BSmith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon Church, in 1830. Mormons believe that he had visions telling him that God had chosen him to restore the church of Christ in America. Ec[000000]f[16]LBMagi BThe plural form of the word "magus," which was a member of a hereditary priestly class that existed among the ancient Medes and Persians. The Magi, or the three wise men who came from the east to pay homage to the newly born Jesus, were named Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthasar. Ec[000000]f[16]LBmanger BAn open box in a stable that is designed to hold feed for livestock. Ec[000000]f[16]LBMartin Luther BGerman monk and scholar (1483-1546) who founded Protestantism. Disgruntled by Roman Catholic Church practices, Luther nailed to the church door at Wittenberg his Ninety-five Theses, questioning the value of indulgences and condemning the ways in which they were Ec[000000]f[16]LFsold. He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church in 1521. Ec[000000]f[16]LBMedes BInhabitants of ancient Media in Persia. Ec[000000]f[16]LBMediterranean Sea BThe world's largest inland sea, bounded by Europe to the north, Africa to the south, the countries of the Middle East to the east, and the Strait of Gibraltar to the west, which connects it to the Atlantic Ocean. It is also connected to the Black Sea through the Dardanelles, the Sea of Ec[000000]f[16]LFMarmara, and the Bosporus; and to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal. In ancient times, civilizations flourished around the Mediterranean. It was opened to commerce by Phoenician merchants, and Greece, Carthage, and Rome were rivals for dominance of its shores and trade.B Ec[000000]f[16]BLBBMessiah BThe deliverer of the Jews. Ec[000000]f[16]LBMiddle Ages BThat period of European history from A.D. 400 to 1400. Ec[000000]f[16]LBmilestone BRefers to a significant or important point in development or advancement. Ec[000000]f[16]LBministry BRefers to the period of service as a minister or religious teacher. Ec[000000]f[16]LBmonasteries BLiving quarters for monks, or men who have taken religious vows of prayer, celibacy, and poverty. Ec[000000]f[16]LBMother Francis Xavier Cabrini BMother Cabrini (1850-1917) founded the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart in 1880. In 1889, she came to the United States and founded schools, orphanages, and hospitals throughout the country, as well as in South America. She was canonized as the first American saint in 1946. Ec[000000]f[16]LBmurals BWorks of art, often paintings, that take up a large part of walls or ceilings. Ec[000000]f[16]LBMuslim BOne who lives and worships according to the Islamic faith. The Qur'an is the sacred book of Muslims. Ec[000000]f[16]LBnarrative BA story that is narrated, or related, in detail. Ec[000000]f[16]LBorigins BThe beginnings of something; in referring to a person or persons, it is called ancestry or parentage. Ec[000000]f[16]LBPassover BThe Jewish holiday that commemorates the liberation of Hebrews from slavery in Egypt. Jesus entered Jerusalem for the last time during a Passover celebration. Ec[000000]f[16]LBPersians BThe ancient people who became the dominant Asian race under Cyrus and his successors. This race continues through the modern nation of Iran. Ec[000000]f[16]LBpetitions BEarnest requests, often made to a superior. Ec[000000]f[16]LBPhillis Wheatley BWheatley (c.1753-1784) was an eighteenth-century African American poet who, like many writers, drew her inspiration from the Bible. As a child, she was kidnapped from Senegal and taken to Boston. She began writing poetry in English at the age of thirteen and was Ec[000000]f[16]LFregarded as a prodigy. She became very popular in England, publishing IPoems on Various Subjects, Religious and MoralI. Ec[000000]f[16]LBpope BThe bishop of Rome, who is also the head of the Roman Catholic Church. Ec[000000]f[16]LBportent BAn omen foreshadowing an upcoming event. Ec[000000]f[16]LBpoverty BThe state of being without the usually accepted amount of money or material possessions. Men and women joining a religious order take a vow of poverty, giving up their rights to own property. Ec[000000]f[16]LBprophecy BAn inspired prediction made by a prophet, usually indicating divine will and purpose. Ec[000000]f[16]LBQur'an BThe Islamic holy book made up of writings believed by Muslims to be revelations made to the prophet Muhammad by Allah. The Islamic faith is based on the Qur'an. Ec[000000]f[16]LBrecounted BTo have narrated something in detail. Ec[000000]f[16]LBreform BRemoving faults or abuses from something, such as an organization, in an attempt to improve the form or conditions of that organization. Ec[000000]f[16]LBReformation BA sixteenth-century religious movement begun by Martin Luther that called for changes in Roman Catholic doctrine and practices. The Reformation resulted in the founding of Protestant churches, one of which was Lutheran. Ec[000000]f[16]LBreformer BSomeone who works to change the conditions or form of something, such as an organization. Martin Luther, the leader of the Protestant Reformation, sought to reform the doctrine and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. To his surprise, this resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches throughout Europe. Ec[000000]f[16]LBRenaissance BThe period of time in European history beginning in the fourteenth century in Italy and lasting into the seventeenth century. It was marked by a revival of classical influence on the arts and literature. Ec[000000]f[16]LBReverend Martin Luther King Jr. BKing (1929-1968) was ordained a Baptist minister in 1954; led a boycott of the Montgomery, Alabama, transit system to force desegregation of city buses in 1956; and founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. He delivered his now famous "I Have a Ec[000000]f[16]LFDream" speech in August 1963 at a huge march on Washington, D.C., that he had organized. In 1968, four years after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Americans celebrate Martin Luther King Day every year on January 20. Ec[000000]f[16]LBRichard Allen BAllen (1760-1831) helped found the first churches in America for African Americans. In 1799, he became the first African American ordained in the Methodist Church. He also helped found the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Ec[000000]f[16]LBrituals BEstablished forms of ceremony. Ec[000000]f[16]LBRoman Empire BOriginally a small city-state in central Italy, Rome's power grew to rule much of the known world. In Jesus' time, the Roman Empire was nearing the peak of its supremacy, ruling much of Europe, North Africa, Egypt, and the Middle East. B Ec[000000]f[16]BLsacredB Something that is dedicated or set apart for the worship of God; holy. Ec[000000]f[16]LBsaint BA person officially recognized, through canonization, as especially holy. Saints are believed to be God's chosen people. Ec[000000]f[16]LBSermon on the Mount BThe sermon, or religious speech, given by Jesus to a large crowd of people. It is described in Matthew 5-7, and contains the Beatitudes and the Lord’s Prayer. Ec[000000]f[16]LBSaint Francis of Assisi BItalian friar (1182-1226) who founded the Franciscan order of monks. He devoted himself to poverty and religion, as do Franciscans today. He was canonized, or declared a saint, by Pope Gregory IX in 1228, two years after his death. Ec[000000]f[16]LBSouthwestB Since the mid-nineteenth century, the term "American Southwest" has applied to Texas plus all of what was formerly the northern part of Mexico, which was annexed by the United States following the Mexican War of 1846-48. This mostly arid region later became the states of New Ec[000000]f[16]LFMexico, Arizona, and California, and the southern parts of the states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Oklahoma.B B Ec[000000]f[16]LBsubmitted BHaving yielded to the authority or will of another. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtaxed BHaving imposed a monetary or equivalent charge, usually by authority of a government, upon persons or property. Ec[000000]f[16]LBTestament BWhen capitalized, refers to either of the two books of the Bible. Its ancient meaning is covenant, or agreement, between God and man. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtestimony BRefers to a solemn declaration, often oral, by someone who has undergone a religious experience. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtomb BA chamber--either below, partially below, or completely above ground--where a deceased person's body can be kept with his or her possessions, if desired, as an alternative to burial or cremation. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtreason BAn attempt to overthrow a government or to assist its enemies. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtype BA small metal block that has a raised letter or character that can be coated with ink and, when combined with others, can print messages, pages, books, etc. Ec[000000]f[16]LBWilliam Penn BPenn (1644-1718) received from the English king Charles II a grant of land in America in 1681 and on it later founded the colony of Pennsylvania, where people of all faiths could have religious freedom. A member of the Society of Friends--the Quakers--Penn preached and wrote 42 Ec[000000]f[16]LFbooks and pamphlets about religious tolerance. Ec[000000]f[16]LBworship BThe religious practice of showing reverence and respect to God through hymns, prayers, and rituals.